نشریه مطالعات فقهی و حقوقی زن و خانواده
پیاپی 11 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

The marriage contract is one of the most necessary contracts. However, the marital relationship is automatically dissolved due to mutual curse, apostasy, foster care, or gender change, and it is also voluntarily dissolved due to termination, divorce, or granting duration in temporary marriage. If the wife is experiencing intolerable difficulty and hardship in her joint life with her husband, she is subject to the rule of negation of hardship. In this case, the dissolution of marriage is considered in the form of annulment of marriage, because this rule, in addition to mandatory rules, embraces status rules including the necessity of marriage. But the jurists have not accepted the annulment of the marriage by the wife due to intolerable difficulty and hardship, because they exercise caution and consider the annulment of the marriage to be confined to defects mentioned in texts, violation of the condition, and deception. But whether this dissolution of marriage is under judicial divorce is dependent on the development of the rule of negation of hardship to non-existent matters in the rulings, which some jurists have accepted and, therefore, prescribed divorce by the ruler in this regard, which is closer to caution. However, according to the jurisprudential pieces of evidence, the prescription of annulment of marriage in the case of intolerable difficulty of the wife is not far from the jurisprudential foundations. Iran's civil law prescribes judicial divorce in accordance with the famous opinion of contemporary jurists in this regard, and accordingly, the effects of divorce will follow such dissolution.

Regarding the time interval during which a woman has the right to demand sexual intercourse from her husband, many jurists have set a small limit and issued a fatwa that a woman has the right to request sexual intercourse from her husband once every four months. In this article, the arguments that have been presented or can be presented in favor of this point of view have been examined and it has been proven that they do not have sufficient scientific validity. In contrast, another view has been put forward according to which the woman's right basically changes due to many factors such as age, temperament of people, geographical region, psychological and personality characteristics, etc. Hence, the right is not one of the fixed subjects about which the holy Sharia has a fixed quantitative limitation. As a result, it should be said that this right has a qualitative rather than a quantitative limitation. Therefore, according to custom, individuals should be considered based on age, region, temperament, and other influential factors. In addition, a temporary law can be enacted to resolve the dispute, and in the absence of a temporary law and the woman's complaint, a qualified judge can set a time for her.
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Today, children's education is a social necessity and the right to education is considered one of their fundamental rights. Depriving children of this right leads to a problem for them. Therefore, Iran's legal system has made education mandatory up to the secondary level. Sometimes, some people prevent their children from studying in school, despite the provision of the required conditions. Our legal system has thought of special measures to deal with this act. Using the descriptive-analytical method and collecting data from library sources, the present research aims to answer the question: What is the reaction of our penal system to the prevention of children and adolescents from education? The results of the research indicate that since 1322 until now, the prevention of children and teenagers from education has always been subject to criminal prosecution. However, it depends on certain conditions that are explained and clarified in the present article.

Children's relationship with their relatives is influential in their personality development. Sometimes the communication of some children with their relatives faces obstacles due to reasons such as parents' divorce. According to the Imami jurists, if, for example, the custody of a child is entrusted to his father due to divorce, his mother also has the right to meet with him/her in order to preserve kinship ties. This right is also recognized in Article 1174 of the Civil Code. However, sometimes the person in charge of custody, contrary to the law, prevents the child under custody from meeting with persons who have the right to visit. Thus, he violates the right of the child and persons with visitation rights. A criminal reaction is one of the reactions of Iran's legal system in dealing with this act. Using the descriptive-analytical method and collecting data from library sources, the present research was carried out with the aim of explaining the criminal reaction of the Iranian legal system to the crime of preventing a child from meeting with persons who have the right to visit him/her. The results indicate that preventing a child from visiting has been subject to punishment since 1353. For the person who forbids the child's visit to be criminally prosecuted, the elements of this crime must be proven, which we have discussed in detail in this paper.

Supporting women's rights in all social dimensions is one of the issues that have been the focus of attention and controversy in human societies and divine religions since the beginning. One of these protections is the general protection of the position and rights of women in the time of war, which has been taken into account by the Geneva Convention (one of the most important pledges of humanitarian rights) and Imami jurisprudence. In Article 76 of the First Additional Protocol of the Geneva Convention, the issue of protecting women is raised, and it can be proven in Imami jurisprudence according to specific evidence, such as the narration of the Prophet (S) containing his direct order to "do not kill women" and verse 190 of Surah al-Bagharah about non-transgression and rulings related to Jihad. In this article, we try to examine the overall protection of women in war from a jurisprudential point of view and prove the progressive Shiite thought before the formulation of any international protection laws in recent centuries. Therefore, using a descriptive-analytical method, the paper seeks to answer the question of what is the opinion of Imami jurisprudence regarding the articles of the Geneva Convention on the protection of women during the time of war, in order to determine the full compliance of the Convention with Sharia standards in this regard

The legal nature of granting duration in temporary marriage is not very clear, while it has many scientific and practical effects. Therefore, the nature of granting duration, as a legal act, is an issue that needs to be investigated until reaching a suitable answer. In Imami jurisprudence and Iranian law, while there is a consensus on the legality of granting duration, there is no common opinion about its nature. One point of view considers the granting duration as a contract (gift, compromise, or charity) and another point of view considers it as a unilateral obligation (waiver or unilateral compromise). This is because, in fact, the termination of the time is the right that the husband has over the wife for the rest of the specified period in the temporary marriage. After explaining each of the mentioned points of view and examining the existing arguments, this research studied and criticized them in the light of describing and analyzing jurisprudential and legal propositions. Finally, it defended the idea that the nature of granting duration is termination and considered it to be consistent with the appearance of the texts.